Studies in pharmacology involve the search for ingredients with physiological activities free of toxicity or with low toxicity from a batch of plant chemical ingredients; while clinical research means to study the mechanism and action of
medicines within human body. All three aspects are the premises for the clinical application of medicines, development of new drugs, and synthesis of new medicines.
For decades, about one hundred species of Tibetan materia medica have been studied for their chemical properties. For instances, in the 1960s, Scopolamine plants were explored and studied on a large scale. Nineteen genera, 56 species and 211 samples of plants from Solanaceae family were analyzed. It has been proved that the physiological activity of atropine alkaloid is distributed in 19 genera, such as Hyoscyamus, Physochoaina, Mandragora, Atropa, Datura, Przewalskii and Scopolia, while the contents of 20 kinds of alkaloid with the highest contents are to be found in the hyoscyamine, anisodumine, scopolamine, anisodine, and eusoohygrine contained in the roots and rhizome of Anisodus Tanguticus, Przwalskia Tangutica. Anisodumine has been applied as a raw material and used in the production of 20 kinds of henbane alkaloid, especially anisodumine and anisodine, which has an anti-cholinergic action and helps promote the microcirculation.
In the 1970s, studies on about 10 kinds of Rhododendron genera demonstrated
that Rhododendron Anthopogonoides and Rhododendron Thymifolium all contain over 10 kinds of alkaloids in their volatile oils. Seven kinds of rhododendron, including Rh. Capitatum, Rh. Qinghaiense, Rh. websterianum all contain two groups of ingredients: alkaloids and oxidized compounds. Identification of 60 kinds of compounds revealed 14 kinds containing a mono-terpene compound, 22 kinds containing sesquiterpene hydroxide, 10 kinds containing oxy-monoterpene, and 14 kinds containing oxy-sesquiterpene and oxybiterpene. Pharmacological experiments also show that 18 kinds of ingredients are physiologically active. Among them, many kinds were effective as an antitussive, including limonene,¦Á-pinene etc.; 15 kind were effective for expelling phlegm, including myrcene, ¦Á-pinene, ¦Â-pinene, ¦Á-oxalene, ¦Ã-selinene, germacrene; three kinds were effective as an anti-asthmatic, including benzyl acetone, ¦Á-pinene, ¦Ã -selinene. In addition, there are also anti-bacterial ingredients, demonstrating that all species with squamous glands on the back of their leaves in Rhododendron genera contain effective ingredients for dealing with bronchitis. Currently, there are five pharmaceuticals for bronchitis using volatile oil from Rhododendron that have been extensively applied clinically.
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